{"id":4627,"date":"2022-12-27T08:44:35","date_gmt":"2022-12-27T08:44:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muzeulgolesti.ro\/ro\/?p=4627"},"modified":"2022-12-28T10:09:07","modified_gmt":"2022-12-28T10:09:07","slug":"incursiune-in-istoria-fotografiei","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muzeulgolesti.ro\/ro\/blog\/incursiune-in-istoria-fotografiei\/","title":{"rendered":"Incursiune \u00een istoria fotografiei"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Inventatorii \u0219i primele tehnici<\/h2>\n
\n

A\u015fa cum o cunoa\u015ftem ast\u0103zi, fotografia \u00ee\u015fi datoreaz\u0103 existen\u0163a eforturilor multor genera\u0163ii de arti\u015fti, care au c\u0103utat noi mijloace pentru a ob\u0163ine imagini c\u00e2t mai asem\u0103n\u0103toare cu realitatea.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Foto: prima fotografie din istorie, 1827, autor\u00a0Joseph Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce.<\/p>\n

Joseph Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce (1765-1833) \u0219i Louis Jacques Mand\u00e9 Daguerre (1787-1851) au experimentat diferite moduri de a fixa imaginea obiectelor cu ajutorul luminii pe materiale fotosensibile. Apari\u0163ia fotografiei a fost anun\u0163at\u0103 \u00een ianuarie 1839 aproape concomitent, la Paris, de Louis Jacques Mand\u00e9 Daguerre (1787-1851) \u015fi la Londra, de William Henry Fox Talbot (1800-1877).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Foto:\u00a0Louis Jacques Mand\u00e9 Daguerre<\/p>\n

Daguerre \u015fi-a botezat procedeul cu propriul nume,\u00a0dagherotipie<\/strong>, iar rezultatul acestuia dagherotip. Dar, \u00een public, sistemul a mai fost cunoscut \u015fi sub numele mult mai poetic,\u00a0de oglinda cu memorie<\/em>, datorit\u0103 suportului de argint care era lustruit ca o oglind\u0103 \u015fi pe care era imortalizat\u0103 imaginea. La \u00eenceput, dagherotipia nu putea surprinde pe placa de argint dec\u00e2t o singur\u0103 imagine, multiplicarea fiind exclus\u0103. Tehnica folosit\u0103 o ob\u0163inea printr-un procedeu azi abandonat, fix\u00e2nd-o cu ajutorul unei camere obscure pe o plac\u0103 de cupru argintat\u0103, sensibilizat\u0103 cu vapori de iod \u015fi de brom. Dagherotipiile erau de o mare fine\u0163e \u015fi fidelitate \u015fi se realizau \u00een formate\u00a0mici. De asemenea, erau foarte fragile \u015fi, pentru a nu se deteriora, se montau \u00eentr-un etui de piele plu\u015fat \u00een interior \u015fi erau acoperite cu geam, motiv pentru care foarte pu\u0163ine dagherotipii s-au p\u0103strat p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi, fiind astfel \u015fi foarte pre\u0163ioase. Cum costau destul de mult, tehnica fiind nou\u0103 \u015fi foarte complicat\u0103, nu toat\u0103 lumea se putea bucura de existen\u0163a acestei realiz\u0103ri. Dagherotipia s-a practicat la noi \u00een \u0163ar\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 prin anul 1860, iar primul aparat de acest tip a fost cump\u0103rat de Colegiul Sf\u00e2ntul Sava, la 1840.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Foto: cea mai veche fotografie a lui Talbot care s-a p\u0103strat , august 1835<\/p>\n

\u00cen acela\u015fi timp cu dagherotipia, William Henry Fox Talbot (1800-1877), amintit mai sus, a inventat\u00a0calotipia,\u00a0<\/strong>o metod\u0103 de fotografiere capabil\u0103 de a produce un num\u0103r infinit de copii, chiar dac\u0103 acestea erau neclare \u015fi nu puteau s\u0103 surprind\u0103 toate detaliile, a\u0219a cum reu\u0219ea dagherotipul.<\/p>\n

Racorda\u021bi la nout\u0103\u021bile occidentale, rom\u00e2nii au adoptat \u00een scurt\u0103 vreme noua tehnic\u0103. At\u00e2t Carol Szathmari, c\u00e2t \u015fi boierul moldovean Constantin Sturza-Scheianu au executat mai multe portrete ale rudelor \u015fi prietenilor.<\/p>\n

\u00cen luna martie a anului 1851, britanicul Frederick Scott Archer (1813-1857) a folosit un nou procedeu fotografic, bazat pe\u00a0colodiu-umed<\/strong>, ob\u0163in\u00e2nd, astfel, un num\u0103r mare de copii. \u00cen 1853, Andr\u00e9 Adolf Eugene Disd\u00e9ri (1819-1889), un binecunoscut fotograf parizian\u00a0a experimentat cli\u015feele cu colodiu umed \u015fi h\u00e2rtia cerat\u0103, iar \u00een 1854, a f\u0103cut cunoscut publicului metoda imprim\u0103rii pe formatul\u00a0carte-de-visite<\/em>, care va revolu\u0163iona fotografia. Aceasta avea dimensiunile (10,5 x 6,5 cm).<\/p>\n

Personajul istoric care a f\u0103cut ca acest format s\u0103 devin\u0103 at\u00e2t de apreciat a fost \u00eemp\u0103ratul francez Napoleon al III-lea a c\u0103rui \u0219edin\u021b\u0103 fotografic\u0103 din 1859 a devenit legendar\u0103.<\/p>\n

Portretele fotografice, cele ale capetelor \u00eencoronate, ale notabilit\u0103\u0163ilor \u015fi elitelor momentului, au c\u0103p\u0103tat \u00een spa\u0163iul public un statut aparte. Disd\u00e9ri a devenit foarte cunoscut \u015fi foarte bogat. El vindea \u00een 1862, cca. 2.400 de portrete pe zi! Lotul de dou\u0103zeci de portrete nu costa dec\u00e2t 20 de franci. Europa a fost cuprins\u0103 de o puternic\u0103 frenezie: elita societ\u0103\u0163ii colec\u0163iona portrete de oameni celebri, capete \u00eencoronate, personalit\u0103\u0163i politice, militare \u015fi cultural artistice. A fost epoca marilor galerii de portrete lansate de fotografi celebri, precum Nadar, Disd\u00e9ri sau Carjat.<\/p>\n

Inventarea formatului\u00a0carte-de-visite<\/em>\u00a0\u015fi ulterior a formatului\u00a0cabinet<\/em>\u00a0(care a ap\u0103rut pe pia\u0163\u0103 dup\u0103 1866) a permis o difuzare f\u0103r\u0103 precedent ale portretelor oficiale \u015fi a fost adoptat\u0103 aproape universal. Formatul\u00a0cabinet<\/em>\u00a0avea dimensiunile imaginii mai mari (16,5 x 11,5 cm), montate pe suporturi cartonate. Datorit\u0103 acestor dimensiuni, acest format putea fi utilizat a surprinde elemente arhitecturale, peisaje sau cl\u0103diri. \u00cen portretistic\u0103, pentru formatul men\u0163ionat, cadrul era amenajat asemenea produc\u0163iilor teatrale, iar clientul devenea oarecum actor. Acest format a r\u0103mas foarte popular p\u00e2n\u0103 aproape de Primul R\u0103zboi Mondial.<\/p>\n

\u00cen 1873 au ap\u0103rut primele pl\u0103ci cu gelatino-bromur\u0103, \u015fi de aici a luat na\u015ftere fotografia modern\u0103, apoi a\u00a0 urmat revolu\u021bia Kodak: 1888 \u2013 inventarea unui aparat de fotografiat\u00a0care\u00a0folosea roll-filmul; 1895 \u2013 apari\u0163ia aparatului Kodak de buzunar. Firma Eastman-Kodak a monopolizat pia\u0163a fotografic\u0103 pentru ultimii ani ai secolului al XIX-lea \u015fi primul sfert al secolului XX prin con\u0163inutul mesajului: \u201eYou push the button, we do rest<\/em>\u201d (Dumneavoastr\u0103 ap\u0103sa\u0163i pe buton, noi facem restul<\/em>). Nu se mai cereau calit\u0103\u0163i deosebite, cuno\u015ftin\u0163e de optic\u0103 \u015fi chimie pentru a fotografia \u015fi astfel, amatorii s-au lansat, cu pasiune, \u00een m\u00e2nuirea aparatului.<\/p>\n

Dup\u0103 cum s-a v\u0103zut, periplul fotografic \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu\u00a0dagherotipia<\/strong>, a continuat cu\u00a0calotipia<\/strong>, apoi cu procedeul cu\u00a0colodiu umed<\/strong>, de la care s-a ajuns la\u00a0ambrotipie<\/strong>\u00a0\u015fi\u00a0ferotipie<\/strong>, poreclite \u015fi dagherotipiile s\u0103racilor, ajung\u00e2nd la cli\u015feul pe film.<\/p>\n

Lumea rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 a fost informat\u0103 despre descoperirea fotografiei, prin presa timpului.\u00a0Primele ateliere au ap\u0103rut \u00een \u0162\u0103rile Rom\u00e2ne imediat dup\u0103 anun\u0163ul privind descoperirea fotografiei \u015fi s-au \u00eenmul\u0163it cu aceea\u015fi repeziciune ca \u00een toat\u0103 Europa.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sursa fotografiilor: wikipedia<\/p>\n

Autor text: Cristina Bo\u021boghin\u0103, \u0219ef sec\u021bie Istorie-Pedagogie<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Inventatorii \u0219i primele tehnici A\u015fa cum o cunoa\u015ftem ast\u0103zi, fotografia \u00ee\u015fi datoreaz\u0103 existen\u0163a eforturilor multor genera\u0163ii de arti\u015fti, care au c\u0103utat noi mijloace pentru a ob\u0163ine imagini c\u00e2t mai asem\u0103n\u0103toare […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":4628,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4627","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"yoast_head":"\nIncursiune \u00een istoria fotografiei<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Incursiune \u00een istoria fotografiei\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/muzeulgolesti.ro\/ro\/blog\/incursiune-in-istoria-fotografiei\/\" 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